"The study investigates the effectiveness of local economic development policies in improving the revenue generation by the city government and employment condition in Antipolo City. It examined the roles of city government, NGOs and private sector in local economic development, assessed the competitiveness of city economy, and examined the linkages local economic development plan and spatial plan of the city.
The City Government of Antipolo, non-government and private sector organizations performed their roles well to enhance the local economy. City government has contributed in the city economy by involving in plan preparation and assisting city government in service delivery and business sector has contributed in the city economy with increased internal revenue by city government and employment in the city during the period of 2000-2010.
The City of Antipolo attained a competitiveness index of six out of ten, which is categorized as being competitive but needs some improvement.
Major LED policies employed by city government since 2000 such as the revenue code, tax incentive code, streamlining the business registration procedure, and ordinances that require mandatory provision of employment to local people in local businesses and construction activities. Among others have contributed to the higher level of revenue generation by the city government and employment of the city during the period of 2000-2010.
The LED plan and the land use plan of City Government of Antipolo are aligned. The six growth centers of the city have their distinct economic roles, which are being aligned with spatial strategy of the city. Nonetheless, the economic opportunities are not equitably distributed among barangay.
The recommendations are geared towards incentive-based economic policies that are aimed to equalize the economic opportunities among the barangay in the City of Antipolo.
"

A tourism cluster, as a framework for tourism development, has long been a subject of research studies. However, while many models have been created to outline systematic approaches for the development of tourism clusters, there remained an apparent gap in knowledge to guide destination managers in its practical application, especially in the spatial planning and policy-making aspects. This study introduced a tourism cluster development planning process based on a framework that merged theories of tourism cluster competitiveness with concepts of spatial planning. The framework highlights the fundamental importance of analyzing the interactions of four key components of a cluster - comparative advantages, competitive advantages, geohazards, and external situations - in crafting spatial strategies and relevant policies to operationalize tourism cluster development. Drawing inspiration from cluster-related concepts found in the literature and cluster development strategies incorporated in the Philippines' National Tourism Development Plans, this framework also presented a spatial configuration that suggests the distinctiveness of cluster development as a tourism development strategy. Through a mix research method, this framework was applied on the Agusan River Basin cluster--one of the identified clusters in the Philippine National Tourism Development Plan-- to formulate a special plan and policy and development recommendations that may form part of a tourism cluster development plan. This study revealed a suitability of developing the Agusan River Basin cluster into an adventure-histo-cultural destination. Based on the identified cluster elements, such as gateways, service centers, corridors and flagship sites, following the three planning levels cluster-- cluster destination, tourism circuit and tourist site, it likewise proposed the successive implementation of the linear cluster strategy in the short-term and semi-close loop cluster strategy in the long-term. Moreover the study suggested institutional and marketing mechanism to support the operationalization of tourism cluster development in the Agusan River Basin cluster.

Understanding the role of urban farming in highly urbanized cities in the livelihood generation of the urban residents and in an urban community at large helps to realize the relevance of this sector in urban poverty alleviation and to give urban development policy reforms formulation.

The study was undertaken in Quezon City where the Joy of Urban Farming Program was chosen as a case study. The program is implemented in several barangays of Quezon City from District 1 to District 6. The study assessed whether urban farming contributed to livelihood generation among its inner-city poor. The study assumed that understanding and optimizing the role of urban farming in urban systems help urban dwellers improve their livelihoods. It also identified the major urban agricultural production systems in Quezon City, and their roles in livelihood generation of urban farmer households, urban poverty alleviation and sustainable urban farming.

Based on the results of the household survey, the Joy of Urban Farming Program has improved the livelihood of the beneficiaries through attainment of food security, availability of alternative source of income and job opportunities as well as improvement of their human capital,.

However, the study revealed that the urban farmers have not fully benefited from the food garden in terms of access to land in the highly urbanized city. They have been able
to innovatively use limited spaces such as vertical and rooftop garden as well as utilize vacant lands. The study showed that the Joy of Urban Farming Program has sustainability concern since the program only receives financial support from the office of the Vice E Mayor. Its sustainability is a consideration when it comes to the change of office or the lack of political will from newly elected local executive. It is recommended that the City Development Planning Office should incorporate urban farming into its open space development strategies. In line with this, there is also need for government support to ensure sustainability of the program through provision of land for agricultural production. This will encourage urban farming in other parts of Quezon City.

Flooding has been the most concrete and common effect of climate change in the Philippines. It has brought numerous deaths, destruction, and displacements in communities over the last decades and as the frequency and severity of flooding worsens with climate change, many places in the country are at risk of becoming uninhabitable in the next few years if the issue is not properly addressed. Experts have predicted that by 2050, the number of populations that will migrate due to the negative effects of climate change such as flooding will reach around 200 million to one billion. This study offers an assessment of the factors affecting migration decision- making due to flooding and its implications in urban planning. Through a case study on the three coastal barangays of Hagonoy, Bulacan, analysis of existing policies and interventions for flooding-induced migration, illustration of the link between flooding and migration, and identification of various planning implications, this study constructs the context on why and how individuals, households and a number of communities arrive at decisions to either stay or leave their places of origin due to frequent and severe flooding. This also lays the foundation of the general guidelines for flooding- induced migration for the study areas. Five main factors have been identified as the main considerations that the flood- affected population explore when making decisions as regards migrating to other places or staying in their areas of origin—(i) economic, (ii) socied, (iii) environmental, (iv) institutional, and (v) physical. Economic factors, specifically sources of livelihood and income, remain the fundamental element in migration decision-making. Majority of study's respondents indicated that they will opt to stay in their original homes despite the frequent and intense flooding because their livelihood has already been long established in their communities and it would be difficult for them to find other sources of income when they settle to new places. Unless good job opportunities are present in receiving communities, only then shall the affected residents choose to relocate or resettle. The existence of neighborhood network, presence of relatives or kin outside of the affected areas, existence of external support group, establishment of flooding response group within the community, collective effort on addressing and coping up with flooding, and community consultations are also highly important considerations for people affected by recurrent and severe flooding. These compose the social factors that affect the decision-making when it comes to migration. With enough support from various social groups such as family, relatives, friends, neighbors, and communities, the respondents expressed their preference to remain in their homes because they feel more secured and more confident that they can recover from the negative effects of flooding. The environmental factors cannot solely push the affected population to transfer to other areas, as re validated by this study. The flooding experience, frequency and intensity of flooding, disruptions in daily activities due to the aftermath of flooding, permanent departure from the place of origin due to flooding, extent of environmental destruction, and the declining quality of environmental resources when combined primarily with adverse economic and social conditions, can spell the difference between staying and fleeing to relatively safer zones. Institutional factors are highly regarded as reasons for flooding-induced migration. Respondents articulated that when there are programs, projects, and activities (PPAs) designed for mitigating the negative effects of flooding as well as for helping them cope up and recover, they will stay in their communities. On the other hand, some of the affected residents will choose to relocate if the local and national governments will provide appropriate and decent resettlement options. Finally, a fifth major consideration has been highlighted in the study—the physical factors. For the longest time, the physical factors of migration due to climate change and in this case, due to flooding, have been out of the limelight and are usually combined with institutional elements. The respondents emphasized the importance of flood-control measures and infrastructures in the flooding-induced migration decision-making process. The construction and presence of floodwalls or dikes, well-designed drainage systems, elevation of roads, flood-proofing of houses, and other similar flood-control infrastructures instill a sense of security and safety among the residents in the communities. These five factors namely economic, social, institutional, environmental, and physical have different levels of impact on the decision-making process, which is still predominantly controlled by male household heads. The male household head remains the top decision-maker in numerous sampled households in the study areas. The decisions formed are then relayed to the household members through an informal family meeting where ideas are discussed and executed afterwards. At present, the strategies and PPAs being implemented by the local government to address flooding-induced migration are generally in line with the provisions stipulated in DRRM Law of 2009 (RA 10121), Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA 9729), and the National Disaster Risk and Reduction Plan NDRRMP). Although these three national guiding documents lack specific provisions for flooding and migration, the Hagonoy Local Government Unit formulated their own policies, strategies, and PPAs to cater to the needs of their constituents who are affected by severe and recurrent flooding. Environmental factors alone will not directly result to migration, but it will exacerbate conditions in combination with all the other factors that could push people to move out of their homes. In connection with this the study found out that the communities do not see direct link between flooding and migration—they generally relate flooding basically to the failure in the implementation of local waste management in their municipality. only a few respondents have a grasp of flooding being a direct localized effect of climate change. This also shows that the awareness-raising, information, and education efforts of the local governments as regards climate change and its harmful effects are still short-handed and lacking. Several areas of improvement have been identified such as strengthening of the municipalities disaster risk reduction and management systems and processes, improve economic support system for livelihood, formulation of flooding-induced migration planning cycle, and construction of flood-control infrastructures. based on the significant findings several priority areas and key features of flooding induced migration planning have been enumerated towards the end of the study and these were described to guide the local government of Hagonoy in creating a comprehensive land use and development plan for the entire municipality with special attention to the coastal barangays.

The concept of mixed-use development (MXD) stems from the idea of sustainable communities where all activities and requirements of the population are situated in one place requiring little movement. Residential facilities, commercial centers, office spaces, leisure spaces, and service facilities are all located on single sites where everything people need is within a short travel distance. This creates great opportunities for revenue generation, both for the private sector and government sector in the form of taxes and land values.

In the Philippines, the urban landscape has significantly transformed over the last decade as real estate developers are devoting a great deal of resources and attention to creating MXDs in primary cities. Planning for MXDs requires a strong relationship between the private sector (i.e. the developer) and the government sector. However, in the Philippines, there is a lack of interaction and collaboration between the two sectors brought about by insufficient information on this typology, in the absence of data and an operational definition of MXDs. This has resulted in inconsistent design and space programming, mixed land use zonings, and an illegible built up landscape.

The study identified the nature and definition of MXD in the Philippines, their key determinants for location, and the preliminary_ guidelines that can be used in effectively creating mixed-use development and maximizing their features for the benefit of all users. By using three existing MXD in the Philippines as case studies, the study proposes an operational definition of an MXD by looking at it from the perspective of both the private sector and the government sector. The definition and identification of parameters distinct from MXDs as defined in international literature provide further understanding of the typology. These also serve as the basis of formal guidelines for MXDs. Furthermore, the study proposes possible actions to be taken on how the private and government sector can work together toward the goal of creating a growing sustainable built landscape.